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Noise is defined as unwanted or harmful sound that can interfere with human health and well-being. In the context of environmental health, noise is recognized as a significant pollutant that can cause a wide range of physiological, psychological, and social impacts. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an essential tool for identifying, predicting, and mitigating the effects of noise exposure on human populations, particularly in urban, industrial, and transportation-related settings. Understanding these impacts is crucial for public health planning, regulatory measures, and community development to reduce the adverse outcomes associated with excessive noise levels. One of the most direct impacts of noise on human health is hearing impairment. Prolonged exposure to high levels of noise, typically above 85 decibels, can lead to temporary or permanent hearing loss. The inner ear contains delicate hair cells in the cochlea that transmit sound signals to the brain. Continuous or repeated exposure to loud sounds can damage or destroy these cells, resulting in sensorineural hearing loss. Industrial workers, airport personnel, construction workers, and people living near highways or railways are particularly at risk. Even moderate levels of noise, if persistent over long periods, can contribute to the gradual deterioration of hearing function, affecting communication, social interaction, and quality of life. Noise exposure also affects the cardiovascular system. Studies have shown that chronic noise, such as that from traffic, airports, or industrial activities, can lead to increased blood pressure, elevated heart rate, and higher levels of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. Over time, these physiological responses can contribute to hypertension, atherosclerosis, and an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes. The mechanisms involve the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, causing vasoconstriction and increased cardiac workload. Children and older adults are particularly vulnerable, ______ _____ ________ __________ ______ ______.
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