Describe typology of urban informal settlement. Explain causes and formation of informal settlements.

Urban informal settlements are typically areas where housing and living conditions are constructed without proper legal authorization, usually lacking the necessary infrastructure and services. These settlements, often referred to as slums, shantytowns, or squatter settlements, present significant challenges for urban planning and development. They are an essential issue in the broader context of urbanization, which is happening rapidly in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries. Informal settlements often lack secure land tenure, access to basic services like water, sanitation, electricity, and are vulnerable to various social and environmental risks. To understand the challenges they present in urban planning, it is necessary to first understand their typology, formation, and causes.

Typology of Urban Informal Settlements

The typology of urban informal settlements varies according to the socio-economic conditions, geographic location, and the extent of development in the settlement. Broadly, informal settlements can be classified into the following categories:

1. Squatter Settlements: These are areas where people occupy land without legal authorization. The land is often not designated for residential purposes and may be located in environmentally hazardous or underutilized zones like riverbanks, steep slopes, or areas prone to flooding. In squatter settlements, the housing is usually built with makeshift materials such as wood, corrugated iron sheets, or plastic sheets.

2. Slums: Slums are a specific type of informal settlement that typically lacks ____ ____ _____ ________ ___ ____ ________ ______.
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