Describe typology of urban informal settlement. Explain causes and formation of informal settlements

Urban informal settlements, often referred to as slums, squatter settlements, or shantytowns, represent a significant aspect of the urban landscape in many developing countries. These areas are characterized by inadequate housing, lack of basic infrastructure, and poor living conditions. Informal settlements are typically formed on land that is not legally authorized for residential development and are often inhabited by marginalized communities. The typology of urban informal settlements is complex and diverse, with various forms emerging based on regional, economic, and social factors.

Typology of Urban Informal Settlements

Informal settlements can be categorized based on their physical characteristics, socio-economic conditions, and the manner in which they are established. Broadly, informal settlements can be classified into three main types:

1. Squatter Settlements: Squatter settlements emerge when individuals or families occupy vacant land without legal authorization or permission from landowners or authorities. These settlements often arise on undeveloped or marginal land, such as riverbanks, steep hillsides, or abandoned industrial areas. Residents of squatter settlements generally have little to no access to public services like water, sanitation, and electricity. The construction of houses in these areas is often haphazard, with little planning and substandard building materials.

2. Unauthorized or Illegal Housing: In some cases, informal settlements are established on land where there are no legal ownership claims, but the residents build housing structures without obtaining proper permits. These housing units may be constructed in violation of zoning laws, land-use regulations, or building codes. Unlike squatter settlements, unauthorized housing may be built on land with partial infrastructure, such as roads or sewage systems, but ___ ________ ______ __________ _____ _____ ________ _________ _____ __________ __________.
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