Describe typology of urban informal settlement. Explain causes and formation of informal settlements.

Urban informal settlements, often referred to as slums, are residential areas that emerge without formal planning or government approval. These settlements are characterized by inadequate housing, lack of basic infrastructure, and poor living conditions. Informal settlements are typically built on land that is either not legally owned or not designated for residential use. They present a complex array of issues and challenges, both for the people living in them and for urban planners and governments seeking to address these challenges.

### Typology of Urban Informal Settlements

Informal settlements can be categorized into several types based on their characteristics, location, and the processes by which they are formed. The main types include:

1. Squatter Settlements: These are the most common type of informal settlements. Squatter settlements are typically built on public or private land without any legal right to occupy it. The residents of these settlements are referred to as "squatters" because they have no formal agreement or ownership of the land. These settlements often emerge in areas with low land values or in locations that are considered undesirable, such as near railway tracks, rivers, or waste disposal sites.

2. Shantytowns: Shantytowns are settlements where people build makeshift homes using cheap materials like corrugated metal, wood, and plastic. These settlements are often overcrowded, with homes being built in close proximity to one another. The lack of proper construction materials results in unsafe and unsanitary living conditions. Shantytowns are typically found in urban peripheries or vacant land within cities.

3. Slums: A slum is an area that is heavily populated with substandard housing and lacks adequate sanitation, clean water, and infrastructure. Slums are often home to the poorest sections of the ___ ___ ________ _______ ______ __________ _________.
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