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A manic episode and a depressive episode are two distinct states that are often seen in mood disorders such as bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Both episodes represent extreme disturbances in mood, energy, behavior, and cognition, but they differ in direction: mania is characterized by an abnormally elevated or irritable mood, while depression is marked by a persistently low or sad mood. Understanding the characteristic features and symptoms of both manic and depressive episodes is essential for effective diagnosis, treatment planning, and the delivery of services for the mentally ill. A manic episode is defined by a sustained period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, typically lasting at least one week, or shorter if hospitalization is required. The hallmark of mania is an excessive increase in energy and activity levels, accompanied by noticeable changes in thought processes and behaviors. Individuals in a manic state often experience inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, which may manifest as exaggerated beliefs about their talents, abilities, or importance. They may think they have special powers, unique influence, or an extraordinary mission, sometimes crossing into delusional territory. This heightened self-confidence is usually disproportionate to reality, and it can impair judgment. A common symptom of mania is decreased need for sleep. Unlike simple insomnia, individuals in mania may sleep for only a few hours or sometimes not at all, yet still feel refreshed and energetic. This reduced need for rest contributes to the persistence of hyperactivity and can worsen irritability and impulsivity. Another core ____ ______ ____ ____ ______ ______ _____ ______ ________ _______ _______ ________.
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