Describe the structure and features of DNA.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a complex molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. Its structure is both elegant and intricate, providing the foundation for genetic diversity and inheritance.

At the most fundamental level, DNA is composed of two long strands that form a double helix. Each strand is made up of repeating units called nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of three components: a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The sequence of these bases encodes genetic information.

The double helix structure of DNA was first described by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, based on the X-ray ___ ____ ___ __________ ______ ____ _______ _________ ______.
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