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National and international governments have increasingly recognized climate change as a critical threat to human societies, economies, and ecosystems, and have responded through policy frameworks, agreements, and strategic initiatives aimed at mitigation and adaptation. At the international level, the response has largely been coordinated through multilateral agreements and institutions. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), established in 1992, has been the principal platform for global negotiation, aiming to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Following this, the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 committed industrialized countries to legally binding emission reduction targets, although its effectiveness was limited due to non-participation of major emitters and insufficient ___ ________ ______ _________ ________ ______ ______ _________ ________ _____ _____.
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