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Protein transport into the thylakoid lumen is a critical process in chloroplasts that ensures proper functioning of the photosynthetic machinery. Proteins synthesized in the cytosol of plant cells carry a chloroplast transit peptide that directs them into the chloroplast stroma. Once inside the stroma, these proteins require additional targeting signals to enter the thylakoid lumen. There are multiple pathways responsible for transporting proteins across the thylakoid membrane, primarily the Sec, Tat, SRP, and spontaneous pathways. The Sec (Secretory) pathway transports proteins in an unfolded state. Proteins targeted to this pathway possess an N-terminal thylakoid transfer domain after the chloroplast transit peptide. The Sec machinery includes the SecA motor protein and the SecYEG translocon embedded in the thylakoid membrane. SecA binds the precursor protein in the stroma and uses ATP _________ __________ ____ _____ ________ ___.
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