Word Count : 268

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In nanoscale materials, a topological insulator (TI) is characterized by a unique electronic property known as band inversion. In conventional insulators, the conduction band lies above the valence band, separated by an energy gap. However, in a topological insulator, strong spin-orbit coupling causes the ______ ________ _______ ________ ________ ____ ___ _______ ___ __________ ____.
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