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Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, was one of the earliest systematic thinkers on public administration. His ideas are mainly found in the Arthashastra, which deals with governance, administration, finance, justice, diplomacy, security and welfare. Kautilya viewed the state as an organised institution whose primary objective was the protection, prosperity and welfare of its people. His principles of public administration were practical, systematic and strongly oriented towards efficient governance. Kautilya regarded the ruler as the central authority responsible for maintaining order and promoting the welfare of the state. He believed that the ruler should remain disciplined, hardworking and accessible to the people. The principle of “Rajadharma” required the ruler to place public interest above personal interests. He expressed the idea that the happiness of the ruler lies in the _____ ___ ____ ________ ______ ______ ___ ________ ___ _________ ___ ________.
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