Describe the physiological changes of ageing. Discuss the role of a nurse, family and community in care of elderly.

Ageing is a natural and inevitable process characterized by progressive physiological changes that lead to a decline in the body's functional capacity. Various organ systems undergo alterations, impacting physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being.

The cardiovascular system experiences changes such as reduced elasticity of blood vessels, leading to increased blood pressure. The cardiac output may decline due to myocardial stiffness and decreased responsiveness to stress. Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are common, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

The respiratory system also undergoes age-related changes. Reduced lung elasticity, weakened respiratory muscles, and diminished alveolar surface area result in decreased oxygen exchange. Older adults may experience shallow breathing and are more prone to respiratory infections.

In the musculoskeletal system, there is a gradual loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and bone density (osteopenia or osteoporosis). Joints become stiff due ________ __________ ___ _________ __________ ____ _________ ____ __________ ____ _____ ____.
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