Describe the nature of civil-military relations in socialist countries.
The relationship of super-ordination and subordination existing between the armed forces and the lawfully constituted public authorities of the state. However, the distinction between the two terms, civil and military, lias not been applicable in practice. There have been societies in which tlie ruler and the tribesmen were also war leader and the armed hoard. Similarly, in the feudal monarchies of Europe, the barons were both the warriors and political leaders. It is only in the late 18th century, particularly after the French Revolution, that the loyalty of the officer corps to their dynastic sovereign, or even to elected authorities, was replaced by loyalty to the nation. 'This development, combined with the development of the officer corps into a career-oriented institution with distinct life styles, training, social status and material interests made possible the divergence of outlook between the armed forces and tlie government of the day. The nature and content of the discussion on civil-military relations varies from one political system to the other. In other words, civil-military relations vary from one country to the other and the issues of concern differ at different points of time.
Civil–military relations (Civ-Mil or CMR) describes the relationship between military organizations and civil society, military organizations and other government bureaucracies, and leaders and the military. CMR incorporates a diverse, often normative field, which moves within and across management, social science and policy scales.More narrowly, it describes the relationship between the civil authority of a given society and its military authority. "The goal of any state is to harness military professional power to serve vital national security interests, while guarding against the misuse of power that can threaten the well-being of its people." Studies of civil-military relations often rest on a normative assumption that it is preferable to have the ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making to lie in the hands of the civilian political leadership (a civilian control of the military) rather than a military (a military dictatorship).
A paradox lies at the center of traditional civil-military relations theory. The military, an institution designed to protect the polity, must also be strong enough to threaten the society it serves. A military take-over or coup is a worst-case example. Ultimately, the military must accept that civilian authorities have the "right to be wrong". In other words, they may be responsible for carrying out a policy decision they disagree with. Civilian supremacy over the military is a complicated matter. The rightness or wrongness of a policy or decision can be ambiguous. Civilian decision makers may be impervious to corrective information. The relationship between civilian authorities and military leaders must be worked out in practice.
The principal problem they examine, however, is empirical: to explain how civilian control over the military is established and maintained.In the broader sense it examines the ways society and military intersect or interact and includes topics such as the integration of veterans into society, methods used to recruit and retain service members, and the fairness and efficacy of these systems, the integration of minorities, women, and the LGBT community into the military, the behavior and consequences of private contractors, the role of culture in military organizations, voting behavior of soldiers and veterans, and the gaps in policy preferences between civilians and soldiers.
While generally not considered a separate academic area of study in and of itself, it involves scholars and practitioners from many fields and specialties. Apart from political science and sociology, Civ-Mil (CMR) draws upon such diverse fields as law, philosophy, area studies, psychology, cultural studies, anthropology, economics, history, diplomatic history, journalism, and the military, among others. It involves study and discussion of a diverse range of issues including but not limited to: civilian control of the military, military professionalism, war, civil-military _______ ____ __________ ________ ___ _____ _________ _________ ________.
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