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Damage assessment is a systematic process of identifying and evaluating the extent of loss caused by disasters to human lives, property, infrastructure, livelihoods, agriculture, environment, and essential services. It provides the basis for relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction, compensation, and future disaster risk reduction. However, conducting an accurate and timely damage assessment is a complex task because of numerous issues and challenges that arise before, during, and after a disaster. One of the major challenges is the lack of reliable baseline data. Damage assessment requires comparison between pre-disaster and post-disaster conditions. In many regions, updated records of population, buildings, infrastructure, land use, and public utilities are unavailable or incomplete. Without baseline information, estimating the actual extent of damage becomes difficult. Accessibility to disaster-affected areas is another significant issue. Floods, earthquakes, landslides, cyclones, and other disasters often damage roads, bridges, and communication networks, preventing assessment teams from reaching affected locations. Remote and mountainous regions pose additional logistical difficulties, leading to delays in collecting information. Time pressure also affects _______ ________ ______ ___ ___ ____ ________ _______ ____ __________.
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