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The mature phase of Harappan urbanisation, dating from around 2600 to 1900 BCE, represents one of the most advanced and well-planned urban cultures of the ancient world. Spanning across present-day Pakistan and northwest India, the Harappan or Indus Valley Civilisation had a network of well-organised cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, Kalibangan, Lothal, and Rakhigarhi. These urban centres demonstrate significant features of planning, architecture, socio-economic organisation, and cultural uniformity. One of the most striking features of mature Harappan urbanisation was its meticulous town planning based on a grid pattern. Cities were divided into two or more parts, typically a citadel and a lower town. The citadel, built on a raised platform, housed important public buildings such as granaries, baths, and assembly halls, while the lower ________ ________ ______ ___ _________ _____ _________ ______ _______.
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