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Cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics derived from cephalosporin C obtained from Cephalosporium acremonium. They act by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. Cephalosporins are classified into generations according to their antimicrobial spectrum and resistance to β-lactamases. First generation cephalosporins are mainly active against gram-positive organisms such as Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Their activity against gram-negative bacteria is limited. Common drugs are cephalexin, cefadroxil, cefazolin and cephradine. These drugs are effective against ________ _______ ___ _____ _____ ____ _________ __________ _________ ___ _________ ____.
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