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The t-distribution is a probability distribution that is symmetric and bell-shaped, similar to the standard normal distribution, but it has heavier tails. This characteristic makes it particularly useful when dealing with small sample sizes, typically less than 30, where the population standard deviation is unknown. The t-distribution was introduced by William Sealy Gosset under the pseudonym “Student,” which is why it is also called the Student’s t-distribution. Its shape depends on a parameter called degrees of freedom (df), which is usually related to the sample size as (df = n - 1), where (n) is the number of observations in the __________ __________ ___ ____ _________ __________.
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