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Blood is a vital connective tissue that plays a central role in sustaining life. It performs essential physiological functions such as the transportation of gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products; regulation of body temperature and pH; and protection through immune responses and clotting mechanisms. From the perspective of applied physiology, understanding the composition of blood is crucial as it directly affects how the human body responds to exercise, disease, trauma, and various environmental conditions. Blood is composed of two main components: plasma and formed elements. Plasma is the fluid component, whereas formed elements include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Each of these components has a distinct structure and function that contributes to the overall role of blood in physiology. ### Plasma Plasma constitutes about 55% of the total volume of blood and is a straw-colored, watery fluid in which the blood cells are suspended. Approximately 90-92% of plasma is water, and the remaining 8-10% consists of various solutes, including: * Plasma proteins: These make up 6-8% of plasma and include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. * *Albumin* (the most abundant plasma protein) is responsible for maintaining the oncotic pressure, which is essential for the distribution of body fluids between blood vessels and tissues. * *Globulins* include antibodies (immunoglobulins) and transport proteins. * *Fibrinogen* plays a critical role in blood clotting. * Electrolytes: Sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), and phosphate ions help regulate osmotic balance, nerve and muscle function, and acid-base balance. * Nutrients: Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals circulate in plasma to be delivered to cells. * Waste products: Urea, creatinine, uric ___ _______ __________ __________ ________ _____ ____ ____ __________ ______ _______.
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