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# Classification of Polymers Based on Origin and Structure Polymers are high molecular mass substances formed by the repeated joining of small molecules called monomers through chemical reactions known as polymerisation. They are important materials because of their low density, good mechanical properties, chemical resistance, thermal stability, electrical insulation and ease of processing. Polymers can be classified in several ways, including according to their origin, mode of polymerisation, molecular structure, intermolecular forces and thermal behaviour. Based on origin, polymers are broadly classified as natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers. On the basis of molecular structure, they are commonly classified as linear, branched and cross-linked polymers. Based on their origin, natural polymers are obtained from plants, animals or other biological sources. They occur naturally and are essential components of living organisms. Examples include cellulose, starch, proteins, natural rubber and nucleic acids. Cellulose is a natural polysaccharide composed of repeating glucose units and is the major structural component of plant cell walls. Starch is another polysaccharide that serves as an important energy-storage material in plants. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked through peptide bonds. Natural rubber is mainly composed of polyisoprene and is obtained from the latex of rubber-producing plants. These polymers are generally biodegradable or biologically active and have important biological and industrial applications. Semi-synthetic polymers are obtained by chemically modifying naturally occurring polymers. Their properties are improved or altered to make them more useful for particular applications. Cellulose derivatives provide important examples. Cellulose acetate is prepared by introducing acetate groups into cellulose, while cellulose nitrate is produced by nitration of cellulose. These modified polymers have been used in films, fibres, coatings and other industrial materials. Vulcanised rubber can also be considered a chemically modified natural polymer, in which sulfur cross-links are introduced between polyisoprene chains to improve strength, elasticity and durability. Synthetic polymers are manufactured _______ __________ __________ ____ ______.
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