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pH-responsive and temperature-responsive polymers are called stimuli-responsive or smart polymers because they can change their physical or chemical properties when exposed to specific environmental conditions. In materials chemistry, these polymers are important because a small change in pH or temperature can produce a large change in polymer structure, solubility, swelling, permeability, or conformation. Such behaviour makes them useful in drug delivery, sensors, tissue engineering, separation processes, coatings, and controlled-release systems. pH-responsive polymers respond to changes in the acidity or basicity of their surrounding environment. Their response mainly occurs because they contain ionizable chemical groups such as carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, amine, or other weakly acidic or basic groups. When the pH of the surrounding medium changes, these groups can gain or lose protons. This changes the electrical charge of the polymer chains and consequently changes their interaction with water and with other polymer chains. The mechanism of action of an acidic pH-responsive polymer can be understood using a polymer containing carboxylic acid groups, represented as –COOH. At low pH, a high concentration of hydrogen ions is present in the medium. The carboxyl groups remain mainly in their protonated form: –COOH ⇌ –COO⁻ + H⁺ When the pH increases, the polymer loses hydrogen ions and the carboxylic acid groups become negatively charged –COO⁻. The negative charges repel ________ ______ _______ ___ _______ ________ ___ ________ __________.
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