Describe the characteristics of alkali soils. What are the harmful effects of alkalinity?

Alkali soils may be divided into following groups:

The characteristic features are the presence of collodial complex that is saturated with exchangeable sodium, and the absence of appreciable quantities of soluble salts. These soils are often called ‘black alkali’ soils, because they are black, owing to the effect of the high sodium content which causes the dispersion of the organic matter. These soils are also called typical usarsoils. These soils contain sodium carbonates (Na2 CO3) in abundance.

(a) Non-saline-alkali soils:

1. Exchangeable sodium percentage is greater than 15%.
2. Consequently pH ranges from 8.5 to 10 (strongly alkaline).
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