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Malnutrition in children is a major public health problem that affects growth, development, immunity, and survival. It includes undernutrition in the form of wasting, stunting, underweight, and deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals. Early assessment and prompt management are essential to prevent complications, disability, and mortality. Assessment begins with obtaining a detailed history. Information regarding birth weight, gestational age, breastfeeding practices, complementary feeding, dietary intake, feeding difficulties, recurrent infections, immunization status, developmental milestones, socioeconomic conditions, family history, and previous illnesses should be collected. A dietary history helps identify inadequate calorie or nutrient intake, while medical history may reveal chronic diseases contributing to malnutrition. Physical examination is the next important step. The child's weight, height or length, head circumference, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) are measured and plotted on standard ___ _____ _______ _______ ______ ____ _________ _______ ________ ___ _______.
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