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Remote sensing plays an important role in understanding and managing natural hazards and human activities by providing accurate, timely, and large-scale information about the Earth’s surface. In the study of floods and settlements, remote sensing helps in analysing physical changes in the environment as well as the patterns and development of human habitation. Satellite images and aerial photographs provide valuable data for monitoring, assessment, planning, and decision-making. Floods are one of the most common natural disasters that affect large areas and cause damage to land, infrastructure, agriculture, and human life. Remote sensing is widely used in flood studies because it can capture information from inaccessible regions during and after flood events. Satellite sensors such as optical and microwave sensors help in detecting flood extent, water spread, and changes in land cover. Microwave remote sensing, particularly Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), is highly useful during floods because it can collect data even under cloudy conditions and ______ _________ ________ __________ ___ _______ ____ ___ ____ _______ ____ __________.
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