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Remote sensing is an important technique for observing, mapping and monitoring the Earth’s surface without direct physical contact. It uses sensors mounted on satellites, aircraft or drones to collect information about land, water and human activities. In flood studies, remote sensing provides valuable information about the physical characteristics and extent of floods, while in settlement studies it helps understand the distribution, growth and spatial pattern of human settlements. Floods are natural hazards that occur when water overflows onto normally dry land. Remote sensing is highly useful for detecting and mapping flooded areas because satellite images can cover large regions quickly, including areas that may be difficult to access during a disaster. Optical satellite data from platforms such as Landsat and Sentinel-2 can distinguish water bodies from surrounding land ______ _____ ____ ________ _____ ____ _______ ___ ________ _________.
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