Describe SET Protocols with its working.

The Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) protocol is a standard developed to ensure secure financial transactions over the internet, specifically for credit card payments. It was developed jointly by Visa and Mastercard in collaboration with technology companies like IBM, Microsoft, and Netscape. SET ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authentication during online transactions, making it a crucial component in web application security, especially in the domain of e-commerce.

### SET Protocol Overview
SET is designed to provide a secure environment for credit card transactions over the web by ensuring that sensitive information such as credit card numbers and personal details remain protected. Unlike SSL/TLS, which only secures communication between the client and the server, SET provides end-to-end security by encrypting payment information from the customer to the merchant and from the merchant to the payment gateway.

The primary goals of the SET protocol include:
1. Confidentiality: Ensuring that transaction details remain private through encryption.
2. Integrity: Preventing data modification during transmission.
3. Authentication: Verifying the identities of all parties involved in the transaction.
4. Non-repudiation: Ensuring that neither party can deny their involvement in the transaction.
5. Interoperability: Providing a universal standard that works across different platforms and payment systems.

### SET Protocol Architecture
The SET protocol involves multiple entities that participate in the online transaction process:

1. Cardholder (Customer): The user making a purchase and providing payment information.
2. Merchant: The business entity selling products or services online.
3. Issuer Bank: The bank that issues the credit card to the cardholder.
4. Acquirer Bank: The bank that processes payments for the merchant.
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