Describe Post-Partum Hemorrhage under the following headings.

i) Causes

ii) Signs and symptoms

iii) Nursing management and preventive of PPH.

Post-partum hemorrhage (PPH) refers to excessive bleeding following childbirth, typically defined as blood loss of more than 500 mL after vaginal delivery or more than 1000 mL after cesarean delivery. It is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide.

i) Causes
The primary causes of PPH are grouped into the "4 T's":

• Tone: Uterine atony, where the uterus fails _____ ___ ____ ____ ___ ____ __________ ___ _______.
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