Describe ISO-OSI Reference Model in detail with suitable diagram.

The ISO-OSI (International Organization for Standardization - Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model is a conceptual framework used to understand and standardize the processes of communication in computer networks. The model defines a layered approach to network architecture and helps ensure interoperability between different types of computer systems and technologies. It divides network communication into seven distinct layers, with each layer handling specific functions that work together to provide seamless communication over a network.

The OSI model consists of the following seven layers, starting from the physical layer at the bottom and moving upwards to the application layer at the top:

### 1. Physical Layer (Layer 1)

The physical layer is the lowest layer in the OSI model. It is responsible for the actual transmission of raw data over the physical medium, such as cables, fiber optics, or wireless channels. This layer deals with hardware elements like network interface cards (NICs), switches, routers, and other devices that physically connect the computers in a network.

The primary functions of the physical layer include:

- Transmission of raw bitstreams (0s and 1s).
- Definition of electrical signals, voltages, and data rates.
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