Describe in detail the properties of soil and the influence of soil pollutants on these properties.

Physical properties of soil include color, texture, structure, porosity, density, consistence, aggregate stability, and temperature. These properties affect processes such as infiltration, erosion, nutrient cycling, and biologic activity. These Soil texture

Soil texture

Soil texture (such as loam, sandy loam or clay) refers to the proportion of sand, silt and clay sized particles that make up the mineral fraction of the soil. Soil texture is determined with one of the following methods.

Mechanical sieving, if particle size > 0.05 mm

Sedimentation if size < 0.05 mm. Sedimentation measures the settling rate of particles in liquid medium and relates this rate to the particle mass by use of the Stoke's Law. Forces acting on soil particle are gravitation, buoyancy and drag forces, all of which depend on particle size. Larger particles settle first. The particle mass is determined by density and particle size. Soils must be dispersed prior to measurement. Two methods are commonly used.

• Hydrometer method)
• Pipette method

Soil structure

Soil structure describes the arrangement and organization of soil particles in the soil, and the tendency of individual soil particles to bind together in aggregates. Aggregation affects water and air transport, which affects the movement of solutes and pollutants and affects biologic activity, including plant growth.

The development of soil structure is influenced by

the amount and type of clay, as well as the exchangeable ions on the clay;

the amount and type of organic matter, which provides food for soil fungi and bacteria and their secretion of cementing agents (polysaccharides);

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