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Petroleum is a hydrocarbon-based natural resource that originates from the decomposition of organic matter, primarily plankton, algae, and other microscopic organisms, which accumulated in ancient marine and deltaic environments. Over millions of years, these organic materials were buried under thick layers of sediment. Under conditions of high pressure and temperature, the organic matter underwent chemical transformation, leading to the formation of hydrocarbons. The process involves diagenesis and catagenesis, through which kerogen, the insoluble organic matter, gradually converts into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. The resulting petroleum migrates from the source rock, which is usually shale or limestone, into porous and permeable reservoir rocks such as sandstone or carbonate formations. It accumulates in traps that are sealed by impermeable rocks like shale or clay, forming petroleum reservoirs. The mode of occurrence of petroleum is controlled by geological ______ ___ _________ ______ _________ ________.
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