Discuss the crystallographic axes, symmetry elements and forms of normal class of orthorhombic crystal system with the help of neat well labeled diagrams.

The orthorhombic crystal system is one of the seven crystal systems in crystallography, characterized by three mutually perpendicular axes of different lengths. This system is further classified into various crystal classes based on the presence of symmetry elements. The normal class of the orthorhombic system is the orthorhombic bipyramidal class (2/m 2/m 2/m), which exhibits the highest symmetry among orthorhombic minerals.

Crystallographic Axes in the Orthorhombic System

In the orthorhombic system, three crystallographic axes (a, b, c) are mutually perpendicular, but they are of unequal lengths:

• a-axis (shortest)
• b-axis (intermediate)
• c-axis (longest or variable depending on mineral type)

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