Describe in detail the gene transfer processes in bacteria.

Bacteria divide very rapidly. The doubling time is also called generation time and it may be as low as 20 minutes. Bacteria mainly reproduce by asexual reproduction but do not exhibit true sexual reproduction as they do not produce diploid phase. Thus, meiosis is lacking. However, bacteria exchange genetic material between two cells.

Three modes of genetic transfer between bacterial cells are:

(a) Transformation: The phenomenon by which DNA isolated from one type of cell, when introduced into another type is able to bestow some of its properties into the latter, is referred to as transformation. It was confirmed by Griffith with his experiments on bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia.

(b) Transduction: The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through bacteriophage is called transduction. Transformation is the uptake of DNA from outside the cell. Only a single strand is taken up, through a special protein complex in the cell membrane. The process requires calcium ion (Ca2+). Transformation occurs at extremely low frequency, but with large populations of bacteria, it offers ______ ________ _____ __________ _____ ________ _____ ______ _______ _______ ________.
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