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Fertility, mortality, and migration are the three fundamental demographic processes that shape the size, structure, and distribution of population in any region. They are interlinked and together determine whether a population grows, declines, or remains stable. Each of these processes is influenced by biological, socio-economic, cultural, and political factors, and their interplay has profound implications for sustainable development. Understanding them within the framework of population studies is essential to plan resources, policies, and developmental strategies that balance human needs with environmental limits. Fertility refers to the actual reproductive performance of women in a given population. It is usually measured through indicators such as the crude birth rate (CBR), total fertility rate (TFR), and general fertility rate (GFR). The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 population in a year, while the total fertility rate indicates the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years under prevailing age-specific fertility rates. Fertility is influenced by multiple factors, including biological capacity, age at marriage, use of contraception, educational status of women, economic conditions, and cultural or religious norms regarding family size. In societies where childbearing is seen as a social obligation, fertility rates tend to be high. Conversely, in societies with greater emphasis on women’s education, employment, and delayed marriages, fertility ___ _______ ____ _____ ______ ____ ___.
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