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# Ecological Succession Ecological succession is the natural, gradual, and orderly process by which the composition and structure of a biological community change over time. It involves the replacement of one community by another until a relatively stable and mature community is established. Succession occurs because environmental conditions change and different organisms become better adapted to the changing conditions. It is an important ecological process because it explains how ecosystems develop, recover from disturbances, and maintain ecological balance. An ecosystem consists of living organisms and their physical environment. When environmental conditions change, some species may become less suitable while other species are able to survive and reproduce more successfully. As a result, the population structure of the community changes. Ecological succession therefore represents a sequence of changes in vegetation, animals, microorganisms, soil, and other environmental components. The process is influenced by climate, soil characteristics, availability of water, sunlight, disturbances, and interactions among organisms. Ecological succession can be broadly classified into primary succession and secondary succession. Primary succession begins in an area where no previous biological community existed and where soil is absent or extremely poorly developed. It may occur on newly exposed rock, newly formed volcanic surfaces, sand dunes, or land exposed after the retreat of glaciers. Since soil is initially absent, the process is generally slow. A suitable example of primary succession is succession on bare rock. The first organisms to colonize the surface are called pioneer species. Lichens are commonly important pioneers because they can _____ _________ _________ _______ _______ _________ __________.
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