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A cartel is an association of independent firms in the same industry that come together to regulate production, control supply, and influence prices to maximize collective profits. Unlike a monopoly, where a single firm dominates the market, a cartel consists of multiple firms that agree to act as a single entity in certain aspects of market behavior. Cartels often form in industries where there are few dominant players, high barriers to entry, or products that are relatively homogeneous. Examples of well-known cartels include OPEC in the oil industry and certain historical agreements in the cement, steel, and chemical industries. The primary goal of a cartel is to reduce competition among member firms, thereby increasing their market power and enabling them to achieve higher profits than they would under competitive market conditions. The functioning of a cartel relies on cooperation and coordination among the member firms. Typically, firms in a cartel agree on three main components: output levels, market shares, and pricing strategies. By restricting output, a cartel can artificially reduce supply in the market, which tends to increase the price of the product. Similarly, dividing the market among members prevents firms from competing aggressively in specific _________ _______ ________ ___ ___ __________ _____ _______.
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