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A disaster can be defined as a sudden, catastrophic event that disrupts the normal functioning of a community or society, causing significant human, material, economic, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected community to cope using its own resources. Disasters may result from natural hazards, human activities, or a combination of both. They are not just the occurrence of hazards but the interaction between hazards and vulnerable conditions that transform these hazards into disasters. For example, an earthquake in an uninhabited desert is a hazard but not necessarily a disaster, whereas the same earthquake in a densely populated city becomes a disaster due to the resulting human and economic impact. Disaster management studies classify and analyze disasters to understand their nature, causes, and implications, and one of the most important approaches is through their typology. The typology of disasters provides a structured way to categorize them based on their origin, nature, and impact, thereby helping in devising suitable prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response strategies. Disasters are broadly categorized into two major types: natural disasters and human-induced (or anthropogenic) disasters. Natural disasters originate from natural processes or phenomena of the earth, whereas human-induced disasters arise due to human negligence, errors, or deliberate actions. Some classifications also include a third category, socio-natural disasters, which result from the interplay between natural processes and human intervention. Each of these types can be further divided into sub-categories based on their causes and manifestations. Natural disasters encompass geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, climatological, biological, and extraterrestrial events. Geophysical disasters are events caused by the movement and processes within the earth’s crust. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and landslides fall under this category. Earthquakes occur due to sudden shifts in tectonic plates, releasing energy that shakes the ground, often leading to large-scale destruction of infrastructure and loss of life. Volcanic eruptions are another form of geophysical disaster where magma, gases, and ash escape from beneath the earth’s crust, causing devastation in surrounding areas. Tsunamis, often triggered by undersea earthquakes, displace massive amounts of water leading to giant waves that _______ ___ ________ ____ __________ ___ ___ _____ ______ _____.
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