Define Organisation and discuss its major characteristics.

An organization is a structured entity designed to achieve specific goals by coordinating human efforts and resources. In the context of administrative theory, an organization is viewed as a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons. It involves the systematic arrangement of activities, responsibilities, and authority to accomplish predefined objectives efficiently.

Administrative theorists, including Henri Fayol, Luther Gulick, and Max Weber, have contributed to the understanding of organizations in terms of structure, processes, and principles. Fayol emphasized managerial functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, while Gulick formulated the POSDCORB framework—Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting. Weber introduced the bureaucratic model, focusing on hierarchy, rules, and specialization.

Organizations can be formal or informal. A formal organization has a defined structure, rules, and objectives, whereas an informal organization consists of social relationships and interactions that develop naturally among members. Administrative theory primarily concerns itself with formal organizations, analyzing their efficiency, effectiveness, and administrative structure.

### Major Characteristics of an Organization

Organizations, as studied in administrative theory, exhibit several fundamental characteristics that define their structure, functioning, and purpose. These characteristics contribute to achieving organizational goals while maintaining efficiency and stability.

#### 1. Purpose and Objectives
Every organization exists to fulfill a specific purpose or set of objectives. Goals provide direction and a basis _________ __________ ______ ______ ___.
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