Word Count : 500

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In linguistics, “competence” refers to a speaker’s internalized knowledge of the rules, structures, and vocabulary of a language, which allows them to produce and understand sentences they may never have heard before. This concept, introduced by Noam Chomsky, focuses on the mental representation of linguistic ability—grammar, syntax, phonology, and semantics—independent of actual usage. “Performance,” on the other hand, refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. It includes speaking, writing, listening, and reading, but it is influenced by various factors such as memory limitations, distractions, hesitation, slips of the tongue, and social context. Thus, competence represents the idealized _______ ___ __________ _____ ___ ____.
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