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New Public Management (NPM) is an approach to public administration that emerged during the late 1970s and 1980s as a response to the perceived inefficiency, rigidity, and high cost of traditional bureaucratic administration. It advocates the adoption of private sector management principles and market-oriented practices to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, accountability, and responsiveness of public organizations. The concept gained prominence in countries such as the United Kingdom under Margaret Thatcher, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States during the Reagan administration. It later influenced administrative reforms in both developed and developing countries and became a significant area of study in Comparative Public Administration. Christopher Hood, one of the leading scholars ____ __________ _________ _______ ________ _________ ____ ___ ________ _____ _______.
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