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Nanomaterials are materials that possess at least one dimension in the nanoscale range, typically between 1 and 100 nanometers. At this extremely small scale, materials exhibit unique physical, chemical, and biological properties that differ significantly from their bulk counterparts. These altered properties arise due to the increased surface area to volume ratio, quantum effects, and enhanced reactivity. Nanomaterials may occur naturally, be incidentally produced, or be deliberately engineered for specific applications. In food technology, engineered nanomaterials are commonly used and include nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanocomposites, nanoemulsions, and nanosensors. Depending on their composition, they can be metallic (such as silver, gold, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide), polymeric, lipid-based, or inorganic. Their small size enables improved solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted functionality, making them highly attractive for food processing, packaging, preservation, and quality monitoring. In emerging food technology, nanomaterials are applied in various areas including nanoencapsulation of nutrients, development of smart and active packaging, antimicrobial coatings, improved texture and flavor delivery, and nanosensors for detection of contaminants and pathogens. Nanoencapsulation allows vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds to be protected from degradation and released in a controlled manner, enhancing nutritional ______ _______ __________ _______ _________ _________ __________ ____.
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