Define immunity. Differentiate between innate and acquired immunity. Enumerate the factors influencing the development of immunity in an individual.

Immunity refers to the ability of an organism to resist or defend itself against infectious diseases and foreign biological substances. It is a complex biological system involving various cells, tissues, and molecules that work collectively to identify and neutralize pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. In applied sciences, especially in biotechnology, medical diagnostics, pharmaceuticals, and public health, understanding immunity is fundamental for developing vaccines, therapeutic interventions, and immune-based technologies.

Immunity can broadly be categorized into two main types: innate immunity and acquired (adaptive) immunity.

Innate immunity is the first line of defense and is present from birth. It is non-specific, meaning it does not target specific pathogens _________ ___ __________ ______ ______ ________ ________ ________ _____ ___.
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