Define Expert Systems. Describe in detail their structure and major components.

Expert Systems are computer programs designed to simulate the decision-making ability of a human expert in a specific domain. They use a combination of knowledge and inference techniques to solve problems or provide advice, mimicking human expertise. Expert systems are widely used in fields like medicine, engineering, and business to assist in diagnosis, troubleshooting, or decision-making.

Structure of Expert Systems

The structure of an expert system is typically organized into three main layers:

1. Knowledge Base
2. Inference Engine
3. User Interface

Knowledge Base

The knowledge base is the core component containing domain-specific knowledge in the form of facts and rules. It includes:

• Facts: Information about the problem domain (e.g., symptoms of a disease, components of a machine).
• Rules: Logical statements or "if-then" rules that define relationships between different facts (e.g., "If the temperature is above 100°C, then the system will overheat").

For practical implementation:

• Knowledge is often represented using rule-based systems (e.g., “If X, then Y”) or through semantic networks and ontologies.
• The system's effectiveness depends on the quality and completeness of the knowledge base.

Inference Engine

The inference engine processes the knowledge stored in the knowledge base to deduce new facts or solve problems. It acts ______ ________ ________ ____ ____ __________ ______ ________ ____ ____ _________.
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