Define experiment. Explain the salient features, groups, advantages and disadvantages of experiment.

An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exist natural experimental studies.

Experiments typically include controls, which are designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the single independent variable. This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements. Scientific controls are a part of the scientific method. Ideally, all variables in an experiment are controlled accounted for by the control measurements and none are uncontrolled. In such an experiment, if all controls work as expected, it is possible to conclude that the experiment works as intended, and that results are due to the effect of the tested variables.

An experiment must also control the possible confounding factors—any factors that would mar the accuracy or repeatability of the experiment or the ability to interpret the results. Confounding is commonly eliminated through scientific controls and/or, in randomized experiments, through random assignment.

Salient Feature

When enjoying a picnic in the park, you may be very quick to categorize the insect buzzing around you as a wasp versus a fly. Indeed, the distinction between a wasp and a fly is one that even young children can recognize.

It may be that this categorization problem is easy to learn because wasps are associated with an aversive feature — a painful sting. The presence of this noxious feature may lead to greater learning about all category features (for instance, that wasps are yellow and black), to facilitate avoidance.

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