Decrypt the ciphertext 101000111001 which was encrypted with the Toy block cipher once using the key 101010010. Show all the steps.
b) A 64 bit key for the DES is given below 11000111
10000101
11110111
11000001
11111011
10101011
10011101
10010001
i) Check whether the key is error free using the parity bits.
For part (a), decrypting the ciphertext using the Toy block cipher: Ciphertext: `101000111001` Key: `101010010` Step 1: Split the ciphertext into blocks The Toy block cipher typically uses 6-bit blocks. So: `101000` | `111001` Step 2: Apply the key Toy block cipher decryption usually involves XORing the ciphertext with the key (or subkeys ________ ___ ___ _______ ____.
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Decrypt the message that was encrypted using RSA algorithm with
and
.
Alice wants to use the Digital Signature algorithm for signing messages. She chooses ,
,
and
. Alice wants to sign the message
. She chooses the secret value
. Explain the procedure that Alice will use for computing the signature. What information will she send Bob?
Find the inverse of 13 (mod 51) using extended euclidean algorithm.
In this exercise, we introduce you to Hill cipher. In this cipher, we convert our message to numbers, just as in affine cipher. However, instead of encrypting character by character, we encrypt pairs of characters by multiplying them with an invertible matrix with co-efficients in Z26.
Here is an example: Suppose we want to ENCRYPT "ALLISWELL". Since we require the plaintext to have even number of characters, we pad the message with the character ‘X’. We break up the message into pairs of characters AL, LI, SW, EL and LX. We convert each pair of characters into a pair elements in Z26 as follows:
">
Next, we choose an invertible matrix with coefficients in
, for example,
.
This matrix has determinant and
is a unit in
with inverse
. We write each pair of elements in
as a column vector and multiply it by A:
We then convert each pair of numbers to a pair of characters and write them down. In this example, we get the cipher text "LSPFYGXUEN" corresponding to the plain text "ALLWELL". To decrypt, we convert pairs of characters to pairs of numbers and multiply by and we have
Decrypt the text "TWDXHUJLUENN" which was encrypted using the Hill’s cipher with the matrix as the encryption matrix.
Find a recurrence that generates the sequence 110110110110110.
Apply the frequency test, serial test and autocorrelation test to the following sequence at level of significance :
011001110000110010011100.
Explain how Bob will decrypt the message.
9) a) Solve the discrete logarithm problem using Baby-Step, Giant-Step algorithm.