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Earias insulana, commonly known as the spiny bollworm, is a significant pest in cotton, okra, hibiscus, and other malvaceous crops. The larvae of E. insulana are the primary damaging stage, feeding internally on flower buds, squares, and bolls, which leads to substantial yield loss. Young larvae bore into the squares and tender bolls, causing them to rot or drop prematurely. The feeding activity often results in the ______ ________ ______ _______ ________ ________ _____ _______ _____ ___.
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