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Cultural materialism is an influential theoretical perspective in anthropology developed primarily by Marvin Harris. It seeks to explain cultural beliefs, institutions, and practices by examining the material conditions of human life, particularly the interaction between technology, environment, production, reproduction, and economic organization. Within the framework of Human Ecology: Biological and Cultural Dimensions, cultural materialism provides a systematic approach to understanding how human societies adapt to ecological constraints and biological needs through cultural mechanisms. The central assumption of cultural materialism is that material conditions shape cultural patterns more significantly than ideas, values, or religious beliefs. Harris argued that societies develop cultural practices because they are adaptive responses to environmental and economic challenges. He classified culture into three interrelated levels: infrastructure, structure, and superstructure. Infrastructure includes modes of production and reproduction, such as technology, subsistence patterns, population dynamics, and environmental ___ _____ ____ ______ __________ _________ ______ _________ ____ _____ ________.
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