Criticism of various classifications of Races.

These terms were still commonly used by many scientists in the early 20th century, and most continue today as major designations of the world’s peoples.

These classifications not only rendered human groups as part of nature but also gave them concreteness, rigidity, and permanence. Moreover, some descriptions, especially those of Linnaeus, included statements about the temperament and customs of various peoples that had nothing to do with biophysical features but were forms of learned behaviour that are now known as “culture.” That cultural behaviour and physical characteristics were conflated by these 18th-century writers reflects both their ethnocentrism and the limited scientific knowledge of the time.

Though racial classifications and racial explanations were ________ __________ ____ _______ ______ ___ _________ ____ _________ _______ _____ ___.
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