Critically read Block 1, Unit 3, Suffrage. Evaluate the debates on suffrage in the Western and Indian contexts. Imagine the idea of suffrage in the context of contemporary refuges discourse by providing examples.

The suffrage issue was taken up by the women’s movement in the1870’s in the west, and in the early 20th century in India. The issue of  suffrage was a political issue since its very inception. It got intertwined with the various types of views expressed by the different ideological positions that had  emerged by then, and which were finding influence within feminist and  women’s movements across the globe, viz. radicals, liberals, Marxists, and socialists.
 The crucial question is how and why suffrage became such an important issue in the women’s struggle in the 19th century. The explanation   may be found in the fact of subordination of women to men, especially in legal matters and rights. This was nothing typical of one region or  country but was a phenomenon across the globe. Women had to face deprivations on all fronts. They were excluded from university education,  they could not vote and had limited or no control over the financial resources of the62 History of Movements family. There was stiff resistance to  the idea of women’s progress because men feared that the ‘new woman’ would demand equality of opportunity in all fields including  education and politics.

The beginnings were difficult for women. Those demanding equal rights faced considerable opposition. The struggle for suffrage marked the  beginning of the women’s movement the world ____ ____ __________ __________ _____ ______ _____ ___.
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