Critically examine the methods of land revenue assessment under the Mughal.

The land revenue system under the Mughals was a crucial component of their administrative apparatus and had significant implications for the agrarian economy of India. The methods of land revenue assessment during this period underwent considerable evolution and were characterized by both innovation and inherent limitations. A critical examination of these methods reveals their strengths and weaknesses in addressing the needs of the empire and its subjects.

Historical Context and Objectives

The Mughal Empire's revenue system was primarily designed to maximize the state's income from agricultural production, which was the backbone of the economy. The system sought to ensure regular revenue collection while maintaining the socio-economic balance in the countryside. Revenue assessment methods varied across regions and periods, reflecting the empire's administrative adaptability and challenges.

Main Methods of Land Revenue Assessment

1. Ghalla Bakshi (Crop-Sharing System)

This was one of the oldest methods of revenue assessment inherited from pre-Mughal times. Under this system:

• The produce of the land was divided between the cultivator and the state.
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