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Urban space is not merely a physical setting but a socially produced and contested arena shaped by economic, political, ecological, and cultural processes. Urban sociology has developed multiple theoretical perspectives to explain the organization, growth, and transformation of cities. Among these, the ecological-spatial approach and the political economy approach have been particularly influential, though each offers distinct assumptions regarding the forces shaping urban life. The ecological-spatial perspective emerged primarily through the Chicago School of Sociology in the early twentieth century. Scholars such as Robert E. Park, Ernest W. Burgess, and Roderick McKenzie viewed the city as a social organism whose structure evolved through processes similar to those found in biological ecology. Human groups compete for scarce urban land and resources, resulting in patterns of segregation, specialization, and spatial differentiation. Burgess's Concentric Zone Model explained urban growth as a series of expanding rings surrounding the central business district. The innermost transition zone accommodated immigrants and low-income populations, while wealthier residents gradually occupied outer residential _______ ____ ___ ________ _______.
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