Critically examine the factors that gave birth to Protestantism.

The Protestant Reformation was one of the most far-reaching events of the last millennium. It ended the ancient hegemony of the Catholic Church in Western Europe and altered political and economic fortunes. Beyond its upcoming 500-year anniversary (with 2017 officially being designated the "Lutherjahr" in Germany), it continues to fascinate social scientists for several reasons. First, the economic consequences of the Reformation are of wide-ranging importance for debates concerning the emergence of economic growth in Western Europe as well as for our understanding of comparative economic development. Second, the role of economic development and innovations in communications technology and media in instigating change in the Reformation has broader comparative implications. Third, the case of the Reformation is an important example of institutional change, the origins and effects of which are areas of importance in economics as well as political science and sociology. Our survey persuades us that the recent research we highlight has advanced our understanding of the causes and consequences of the Reformation. For one, there is far greater attention to causal assessment than was the case in the past. We attribute much of this to the use of econometric methods and its emphasis on causal identification, a marked improvement over descriptive approaches and inference based on correlations. However, many of the studies of the long-term consequences of the Reformation outside of economics use comparative case-based methods. Although these often allow for narrative techniques of causal discernment, their external validity is more suspect. In addition, while sociological studies would generally benefit from the adoption of econometric methods, economic studies might benefit from greater contextualization and attention to qualitative evidence, particularly in the selection and justification of instrumental variables. Mixed-method ____ _______ _______ ___ _________ __________ ______ ________ __________ _________ ________ _________.
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