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The descent approach to the study of kinship emerged as a dominant theoretical framework in early twentieth-century social anthropology, particularly through the works of scholars such as A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, E.E. Evans-Pritchard, and Meyer Fortes. It emphasizes the significance of unilineal descent groups—either patrilineal or matrilineal—as the fundamental building blocks of social organization in so-called “segmentary” societies. According to this perspective, kinship is primarily structured through rules of descent that trace ancestry from a common ancestor, thereby forming corporate groups that regulate property rights, political authority, inheritance, and social identity. The central premise of the descent approach is that kinship systems are not merely networks of interpersonal relations but institutional frameworks that organize society. In many African societies studied by British structural-functionalists, descent groups were viewed as corporate entities with collective responsibilities and rights. For example, among the Nuer and the Tallensi, lineage membership determined access to land, ___ _______ ______ ____ ____ ________ ________.
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